Cora

Cora INDIA

India is one of the most advanced civilizations in the world. ‍‍‍ Geography- India is a country in Asia. the Indus River is located in India. It is one of the longest rivers in the world. It starts in tebet, and empties into the Arabian Sea. Somewhere around 1800 B.C., the Indus River began to change its course, moving slightly to the east. The Indus River Valley Civilization started about 2500 B.C.E. along the south-western part of the Indus River. Himalayas- The Himalayas, the highest mountains on earth, are located in India. They form India's northern border.The Himalays help to regulate the regions climate. They block much of the cold air that would otherwise stream into South Asia from the north in the winter. Many tribes and cultures have developed in the Indian Himalayas. This has been aided by the fact that the mountain people have mostly lived in valleys isolated from the rest of the world, with entry and exit points lying over high mountain passes. As a result, they have been able to develop their own distinct cultures and traditions.

Hindu Gods and Godesses- There are thousands of Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Every one of them were believed to be different forms of the Brahma, the creator and the One God. Some of the Gods and Goddesses include, Yama, who is the god of death. Varuna is the god of rain. Rama is the 6th avatar. Agni is the God of fire. Parvati is a Godess, who is the wife of Shiva. There are many, many Hindu Gods and Goddesses.

India's Government- India's voting process is this. Voters elect the house of people and the state assemblies. The state assemblies elect the council of states, then the council of states, state assemblies, and the house of people elect the president. The parliament elects the prime minister. India's current prime minister's name is Manmohan Singh. Their president's name is Pranab Mukherjee.

South Asian Women- Women in South Asia have few rights. Men are the "head of the household". In Pakastan, India, and Bangladesh, women can and have been elected to many powerful positions. But in some areas of South Asia, women don't recieve proper medical care, they don't recieve enough food, they suffer from discrimination, and most girls can't go to school.

Four Stages of Life- Indian society was divided into four major classes, so life was divided into four stages. They included student, householder, hermit, and wanderer. These stages were for men of the three upper classes, which include, Brahmas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas.

Harappans- The Harappans were a wealthy nation of farmers, traders, and craftspeople. They lived along the Indus River in presant-day Pakastan.

Ganges River- The Ganges river is a river in India. It is considered holy by many. the river is also very dirty. People srink from it, bathe in it swim in it, wash clothes in it, dump raw sewage, and more!

Climate- India has mainly humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry climate. The monsoon starts in April and ends in September. There is heavy rain. The monsoon is 80% of India's yearly rainfall. They need the rain to grow their crops.

Aryans- The Aryans had holy books called vendas which were a historical records of their lives. Aryans lived in ganas, which means collections. A gana was made up of several families. Each gana had its own territory. Aryans had a caste system, which means. They couldn't move up or down in their castes. They were born into them. Priests were in the highest caste, brahmans. Warriors and rulers were in the kshatriya caste. Farmers were members of the vaisyas caste. Laborers and servants were in the sudra caste. the Aryans called the Indigenous people dasas, or the untouchables. The dasas were considered the lowest level in society. The caste members had to eat food prepared by someone from their own caste. They also had to work in caste-specific jobs. If they married outside of their caste, they could be killed. Indian's Caste System- The Indian caste system has been going on for many years. The caste system is still going on today. It is a social group in which people are born. You can't move up and down in your caste. You are born, married, and die in the same caste. There are five different castes. Brahmas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, and Harijans. Brahms are in the highest caste. They are priests. Kshatriyas are landowners, rulers, or warriors. Vaishyas are merchants. Shudras are artisans or agriculturalists. Harijans are in the lowest caste. They are the untouchables.

Animals- The Indian rhinoceros lives primarily in northern India and Nepal. The Asiatic lion lives in grasslands and plains. They are an endangered species.

Foods- Food of India has more vegetables than meat, fish or chicken, a deeply rooted combination of religious and economic factors. The majority of Indian is Hindus who are traditionally vegetarian, and meat has always been much more expensive and less widely available than vegetables. Fish has not made its place in all over India but few states (West Bengal, Kerela, Goa) people cannot imagine their dish without fish. Indian food has more vegetables than anything else.

Fun Facts- The famous board game, called Chess, was invented in India. __- The Fertile Crescent- The Hebrews lived in Mesopotamia. They came up with the Ten Commandments. The Ten Commandments are a list of laws that God gave Moses when the Hebrews were in the desert. The Ten Commandment are; 1. I am the Lord your God who brought you out of slavery in Egypt. 2. You shall have no other gods but me. 3. You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God. 4. You shall remember and keep the Sabbath day holy. 5. Honor your father and mother. 6. You shall not murder. 7. You shall not commit adultery. 8. You shall not steal. 9. You shall not bear false witness against thy neighbor. 10. You shall not covet. The Ten Commandments Became the most important Hebrew laws. Many people now follow the Ten Commandments in many different parts of the world.
 * India was one of the richest countries in the world before the British invasion in 17th century.
 * The value of "pi" used in mathematics was first calculated by the Indian mathematician Budhayana in 6th century.
 * India originated Yoga about 5,000 years ago.
 * Hindus are traditionally vegetarian.

The Middle East- Islam is the most common religion in the Middle East. Muslim is the name for people who follow Islam. Muslims believe in one god. Muhammad is the founder of Islam. He began to spread the religion and soon gained many followers. Then, when he died, people still spread and followed the religion. It spread to different parts of the world, and soon had many followers. Islam means "surrender to God" after Muhammad died, many people still spread the religion. Armies of Muslims concurred people and forced them to convert to being a Muslim. Many people are still Muslim today. Now it is a famous religion worldwide.

Africa- Africa had many recourses that the Europeans wanted long ago. Between 1450 and the late 1800's, it's estimated that between ten to fifteen million Africans were kidnapped and sold into slavery. European explorers traveled to Africa, not Knowing what to expect. They went back to Europe with news of the country with great recourses. Soon, many Europeans were traveling to Africa with plans to become rich. Many Europeans had claimed land there. They needed many workers to work at all the new plantations they were building in Africa. They started to capture Africans for slaves. The Europeans paid people to capture Africans. They were called slave catchers. They would capture the slaves for the slave trade.

The Middle Ages- Between the fall of Rome and A.D. 1500, is called the Middle Ages. Most people lived in manors in the middle ages. a manor was like a small town. The nobles mostly lived in forts or castles. The serfs would work for the noble's family. They lived in the village in small huts made out of mud and sticks. If there was an attack, the serfs would hide inside the noble's house. In return for their safety, the serfs would work for the nobles. they weren't slaves, but they couldn't leave the manor without permission. People didn't do much traveling in the middle ages, but some Christians made a journey to Jerusalem, the Holy Land, where Jesus once lived. Muslims owned Jerusalem at this time. Soon, Muslims didn't welcome Christians in Jerusalem. The Pope told the Christians to go to Jerusalem and free it from the Muslims. The trips that the Christians took to try and free Jerusalem were called the Crusades. The Christians finally captured Jerusalem in 1099. 100 years later, the Muslims took it over again.

Early Modern Europe- The Renaissance is a French word that means rebirth. People began to develop many new ideas during this time about science, art, and literature. Many new people with many new ideas came about. The Renaissance was right after the crusades. Kings became very powerful at this time. people started to call themselves part of a nation. Kings started to govern people. The Industrial Revolution followed the Renaissance. The Industrial Revolution started when English women were making textiles at home, but people around the world wanted these textiles. Women could not make enough textiles for everyone. Soon factories were made for making textiles. They invented machines like the spinning jenny and the steam engine to help make the work faster. Mainly woman worked in these factories. They were paid less than men. Because of the Industrial Revolution, many people started moving to cities to work in factories, but before the revolution, many people lived on farms.

Ancient Egypt- The Pharaoh of Egypt owned the people. He made laws that they were forced to follow. The pharaoh made everyone work for him. They had to give the Pharaoh something that they earned or made. The pharaohs owned the people, but the nobles ran the government of Egypt. Egypt was successful for about one thousand years. Then, Egypt started to fall apart. The Egyptian rulers were very cruel, the Nile floods weren't as plentiful as they once were, and different armies started to take over Egypt. The Mesopotamians invaded Egypt first, then the Greeks, and soon the Romans.

Oceania- New Zealand is in Oceania. It is made up of many islands. New Zealand's climate is mild, because it is an island. The two main islands in New Zealand are called the North and South islands. The first people to live is New Zealand were the Maori. When Captain James Cook arrived at New Zealand, there were about 100,000 Maori people. Most of them were killed in skirmishes with settlers. They built their houses out of reeds. The Maoris were farmers that grew mainly sweet potatoes and beans. They came to New Zealand from Polynesia. Maori people still live in New Zealand and are keeping their culture alive.

Canada- In the 1600s, English explorers settled in Canada. Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec at the same time. The French and British started to fight over who controlled the land and trade in Canada in 1754 to 1763. Great Britain won and gained control over Canada. They owned Canada for around 100 years. The British let Canada keep their laws, religion, and language. Canada gained the right to self-govern in 1867. Soon after, in 1871, Canada won over British Columbia. The Canadian Pacific Railroad was made to connect eastern Canada with British Columbia. Samule de Camplain is known as the father of new France. []

Ancient Africa- 2,000 years ago, Egypt was taken over by the African king Piankhi. The Kingdom of Kush was very important to Africa after this. The Egyptians taught the people of Kush Egyptian hieroglyphics and how to build pyramids. Elephants walked on the streets of Kush. They carried iron tools and gold to different places. The people of Kush traded iron tools and gold for glass and jewelry. They were one of the first known traders. Kush believed in the same Gods as the Egyptians, with some extra. Soon many became Catholics because they loved the Bible stories that they heard from passing traders. The people of Kush was greatly influenced by passing traders and the Egyptians.

The Western Hemisphere: Geography and Climate-

The United States have a lot in common as far as land regions go. The Appalachien Mountians go from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. the rocky Mountains go from Canada to Mexico as well. The Great Plains in the United States and the Interior Plains in Canada are very much alike and share the same land region, Although the climate in the Great Plains is warmer than the plain region in Canada. Alaska and Canada have some similar land regions. Hawaii has a tropical climate, unlike Canada. Canada and the United States have much in common, and even share the same language. [] The United States and Canada aren't exactly the same, they share a lot of similar regions, but not all.